A History of Calligraphy (Hat)

The art of the pen

Ibn Muqla (10th c.) proportioned scripts by the rhombic dot; Ibn al-Bawwab and Yakut perfected the six scripts; Şeyh Hamdullah, Hafız Osman, Mustafa Rakım and Sami Efendi made Istanbul the capital of hat — “The Qur’an was revealed in Mecca, recited in Cairo, written in Istanbul.”